"Music can be represented in many different ways. The printed, visual form of a musical work is called a **score** or **sheet music**."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Sheet music consists of **notes**. A note has several properties including pitch, timbre, loudness, and duration."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Pitch** is a perceptual property that indicates how \"high\" or \"low\" a note sounds. Pitch is closely related to the fundamental frequency sounded by the note."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Pitch class ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_class))"
"Music can be represented in many different ways. The printed, visual form of a musical work is called a **score** or **sheet music**. For example, here is a sheet music excerpt from Mozart Piano Sonata No. 11 K. 331:"
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{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Sheet music consists of **notes**. A note has several properties including pitch, timbre, loudness, and duration."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Pitch** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)) is a perceptual property that indicates how \"high\" or \"low\" a note sounds. Pitch is closely related to the fundamental frequency sounded by the note, although fundamental frequency is a physical property of the sound wave."
]
},
{
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"metadata": {},
"source": [
"An **octave** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave)) is an interval between two notes where the higher note is twice the fundamental frequency of the lower note. For example, an A at 440 Hz and an A at 880 Hz are separated by one octave."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"A **pitch class** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_class)) is the set of all notes that are an integer number of octaves apart. For example, the set of all Cs, {..., C1, C2, ...} is one pitch class, and the set of all Ds, {..., D1, D2, ...} is another pitch class."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Equal temperament** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament)) refers to the standard practice of dividing the octave into 12 uniform scale steps."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The difference between two subsequent scale steps is called a **semitone** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone)), the smallest possible interval in the 12-tone equal tempered scale. Musicians may know this as a \"half step.\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The **key signature** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature)) follows the clef on a staff and indicates the key of the piece by the sharps or flats which are present throughout the piece."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The **time signature** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature)) follows the key signature on the staff and indicates the rhythmic structure, or meter, of the piece."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Tempo** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo)) denotes how slow or fast a piece is played as measured by beats per minute (BPM)."
